Each stone and each stone type has its own special character, atmosphere and appearance.
Often it's the harder the stone is, the less detailed shapes it gets. Harder types of stone are suitable for outdoor use, for example as a garden statue or in a pond.
A sculpture of harder stone or a finer stone such as Italian statuario marble is an exclusive durable sculpture, which will last a lifetime. The authentic stone statues shown below are all unique, there is not a second of these and most of the stone statues shown here are for sale.

My original sculptures are made of different types of stone from soft (soapstone - Brazilian green with stripes + dots + brown, Mexican green, Chinese green + pink + black and white) (see also page soapstone workshop), to very hard (granite ) and everything in between such as white + champagne alabaster, Selenite, French limestone, onyx. I worked in various marble types such as Italian ordinario + statuario marble, Greek heavily layered red Parnon marble, Portuguese pink marble and Brazilian granite marble Azul de Macauba. I also worked in various types of serpentine stone + springstone. And in the harder types such as Belgian bluestone, Volvic, Dolomite, Diabase and granite.

Working on the stone is a lengthy and labour-intensive process. Mostly I work by hand, I use few machines when making a stone sculpture, this makes them more original, more natural and more lively. In the softer stones, shaping is very easy and I can give it more detail.

I find inspiration in nature:  its elements, in plants & flowers, in animals and in the material itself. With my timeless stone sculptures I would like to show the beauty of the stones and the nature. The shaping and the expression are determined by the material and by the subject.

For me it is important to create harmony in the sculpture. Working with concave and convex is essential here. Depending on the subject, all shapes, lines, movement, contrasts, structures and light & shadow are created from this.

On the Dutch pages are more photo's of drawings, paintings and linoprint as on these english pages.

Are you interested in buying a stone sculpture f.e. to give as an exclusive gift, more photos, information or consultation or are you interested in giving an ORDER for a stone statue, a stone portrait or bust, a whole stone figure, a beloved animal in stone or a stone relief, you can reach me via my CONTACT PAGE

Barbs Sculpturegarden-Studio participates in the OPEN STUDIO's ROUTE of NORTH EAST VELUWE FOUNDATION the first weekend of October 2023 from 11 am to 6 pm. With info about workshops soapstone + modeling & modeling course in Gigant. It is also possible to schedule your own workshop date with a group. With good weather there can be a demonstration in the garden. During the open afternoon there are bronze + stone sculptures in the garden + in the studio. In the biological garden are many bloomers, which is also made for small animals, insects, bees and butterflies. You can already take a look on this website.

On this page there is a classification by material type from very hard stone to very soft. Information and explanations about the stone types are provided with the statues and with the transition to another stone type. At the bottom of the page is geological and archaeological information about the origin of the stone types.

GRANITES are: Volvic, Diabase, Basalt, Porphyry, Obsidian, Diorite, Gabbro or Black Granite, Gneiss, Syenite.
Granite is a volcanic stone. The name granite comes from granus, which means grain, although the igneous rock is not among the granular rocks. Igneous rock info = bottom of this page. When the magma in the interior of the earth cools, granite is formed, which contains various minerals. The most uniform is the white or pink feldspar, which serves as a binding agent for hard quartz and mica, as well as other minerals that give color to the stone. The stone is constantly coarse-grained and therefore easy to polish to a high gloss. When working on granite, diamond tools are usually used (widia). Quartz tools were probably used in prehistoric operations. Granite sites are in France, Italy, Sardinia, Spain and Portugal, India, red granite from Sweden, Finland and Argentina, black from Uruguay, South Africa and Brazil. Erratic stones in the Netherlands usually consist of granite from Scandinavia.

Stone sculpture: Contrasts
Material: Black Indian Granite
Sizes:
- Height: 49 cm
- Width: 26 cm
- Depth: 17 cm
- Weight: 25 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Azzano, Italy & Wenum, Fall 2018
Note: Granite is a deep rock and an igneous rock, see info at the bottom of the page. This high-relief was made in Azzano during a week of machine work in granite. In it I wanted to realize contrasts in the shapes and in the structures. For example, a part with lines, which ends in a point, has been created. Back at home I polished a part and left a part unfinished. I thought it was nice to leave the drill holes that can be seen at the bottom for the expression of the image, as a kind of gates. The back is made hollow to make it less heavy. The statue hangs against the wall.

VOLVIC
Volvic is a basalt, a volcanic rock from the Auvergne, the color is uniform gray. It is very similar to syenite, it belongs to the granite. Syenite is a deep rock with little quartz in it. Volvic is easier to work with than granite with silicates and has layers flowing in different directions.

Stone sculpture: Volcano Butterfly
Material: Volvic on white Euville French limestone on a concrete base
Sizes: plinth (dark gray bottom stone): h.45 x 15 x 15 cm
- Height: 87 cm
- Width: 41 cm
- Depth: 17 cm
- Weight: 15 + 24 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Wenum Wiesel, 2017- 2018
Note: this beautiful gray Volvic stone comes from the Auvergne, a young volcano area. The Euville limestone comes from central France.
Sizes of the stones:
Euville (white stone): h. 9 x l. 41 x w. 17 cm
Volvic (the light gray stone): h. 33 x d. 14 x width 26 cm

DIABASE:
Diabase is a type of granite, formed volcanically as an outgrowth rock, black with green in color. It is a gangue, coarser grained than basalt. So it is an igneous rock, more info at the bottom of the page. Diabaas is bred in, among others, Thuringia and the Lahn-Dill area in Germany. The inspiration for this stone was the shapes of Aurora borealis or the Northern Lights.

Stone Statue: Northern Lights
Material: Diabase on concrete socle (15 x 15 x 60cm)
Sizes:
- Height: 43 cm
- Width: 24 cm
- Length: 12 cm
- Weight: 16 + socle 24 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Wenum Wiesel, 2018-2019
Note: In this abstract image there are thin light greenish layers, the stone itself looks black from a distance, but is very dark green. It reminded me of the Northern Lights.

HARDSTONES are:
Belgian Bluestone, Muschelkalksteen and Dolomite are stones that fall under the Bluestones.

BELGIAN LIMESTONE:
Belgian bluestone was created about 300 million years ago in the Carboniferous period. It is a limestone with a more or less pronounced dark blue-grey color, which is characterized by the presence of very many fossils of shells, snails, corals and sea lilies. These are animals that live at the bottom of shallow seas. When they died, their limestone skeleton remained on the bottom and together with the calcite deposit that forged it together, the blue limestone layer formed over the years. The stone has many crystals. It is won in various places in Belgium, it occurs mainly in the Ardennes. When processed, this stone stinks of manure. Because the rock is so hard and dense, it is also popularly called petit granit. However, granite is an igneous rock and the 'blue' freestone is a sedimentary rock - see more info at the bottom of the page. Other names for this type of stone: Blue stone, Blue stone, Namur blue stone, Bluestone, Blue Bluestone, Escosine stone, crinoid limestone, coal lime, stink lime, petit granit.

Stone sculpture: Abstract with eye
Material: Belgian Bluestone Noir de Mazy on socle
Sizes:
- Height: 70 cm
- Width : 18 cm
- Length: 24 cm
- Weight: 28 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Wenum Wiesel, 2017-2018
Note: dim. concrete base 55 x 15 x 15 cm, weight 24 kg. In the polished part, which became darker, you can see the layers and crystals in the stone. Contrast comes through the 2 structures of polished and of the chisel traces. Due to the hardness of this stone, the shapes must remain very simple. Partly because of this, this image has acquired a more abstract form. The symbolism in this image depicts an eye or fissure or doorway to another reality. Design and inspiration worked through each other in the image.

MEDIUM STONES are: marble, travertine, springstone, limestone and onyx.

MARBLE:
The word "marble" comes from the Greek word "marmaros" which means "shining stone". It is a conversion rock - explanation at the bottom of the page. Marble is mined in various places in the world, including Italy (white, grey, anthracite, red, green), Greece (white, ivory, red), Spain (white, grey, grey-white), Portugal (pink Aurora varies to orange), Turkey (red) , Pakistan and France (green), Brazil (blue) and can have all kinds of different colors and hardnesses. In addition to color differences, there are also differences in veining from fine to coarse. The finest Italian marble is called statuario. An Italian marble with a coarser grain is called ordinario. And there are considerable differences in hardness of the different types of marble.

Stone sculpture: Blue Mountain
Material: Azul de Macauba - Brazilian granite marble. This type of stone belongs to the hard and granite types of stone because of its hardness and very dense structure. Even with the widia chisels it was hard to get through.
Sizes:
- Height: 58 cm
- Width: 30.5 cm
- Length: 12.5 cm
- Weight: 50 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Le Phaux, Auvergne, France + Wenum, Netherlands, 2011-2013
Note: There are circles in the sculpture, in the polished part and in the shapes behind it, in the photo this is a bit more difficult to see. The bulges and concavities created by the circles give the image tension, which is further enhanced by the stone's own cloud-like drawing, which is visible in the polished part. When this stone is wet, the blue color becomes even more intense. The photos were taken at the Foundation Land en Beeld sculpture garden in Asperen and in Le Phaux.

Stone figurine: Chamomile petal 2
Material: Italian statuario marble
Sizes:
- Height : 5.5 cm
- Width: 6 cm
- Length: 9 cm
- Weight: ½ kg
Price: upon request, Contact. 
Made in: Wenum, 2022
Notes: The statuette is made of Italian statuario marble, from the mountain Monte Altissimo near Azzano, where in the past Michelangelo obtained the marble from the same mountain.
The inspiration for the Chamomile petal originated from the beautiful shapes in the petals of the Chamomile plants in my garden. Their delicate petals inspired a single chamomile petal. It has beautiful concave and convex shapes, is completely polished and has a graceful circular line, sometimes smooth and sometimes pointed.

Stone sculpture: Petal leaf Calendula or Marigold
Material: Portugees Aurora marmer/ Portugese Aurora marble
Sizes:
- heigth: 21 cm
- width: 22 cm
- length: 32 cm
- weight: 18 kg
Price: upon request. Contact.
made in : Wenum summer 2019 - september 2022
Notes: The inspiration for this petal leaf was created by the beautiful shapes of the petals of the marigolds in my garden.
Their delicate petals inspired a single petal in the fine material of this hardstone marble. The Marigold or Calendula is known for its natural healing
effect in various medicine. It has become a beautiful shape with concave and convex shapes and lines. It is honed polished and has beautiful contrasts in the interaction of the concave and the convex and with light and shadow. It is a healing stone and timeless sculpture.

Stone sculpture: Rose petal
Material: Italian statuario marble
Sizes:
- Height : 12.5 cm
- Width: 27 cm
- Length: 31 cm
- Weight: 15 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Wenum, 2018 - 2019
Note: The sculpture is made of Italian statuario marble, from the mountain Monte Altissimo near Azzano, where in the past Michelangelo obtained the marble from the same mountain.
The inspiration for Rose petal arose from the beautiful lines in the petals of the roses in my garden. Their delicate petals inspired a single rose petal. It has beautiful concave and convex shapes, is completely polished and has a graceful descending and rising line, going all the way around, sometimes very strong and sometimes very soft.

Stone sculpture: Chamomille Petal 1
Material: Italian statuario marble
Sizes:
- Height : 18 cm
- Width: 21 cm
- Length: 30 cm
- Weight: 12.5 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Azzano/Wenum 2015 - 2016
Note: The sculpture is made of Italian statuario marble from the mountain Monte Altissimo near Azzano, where in the past Michelangelo obtained the marble from the same mountain. The inspiration for Chamomille Petal arose from the beautiful shapes of the chamomile flowers in my garden. Their delicate petals inspired the creation of a single Petal. It has become a beautiful shape due to the graceful clean lines and surfaces, completely polished and with a nice contrast in the interaction of the concave and the convex.

Stone statue: Feather

Material: Italian Paonazzo statuario marble
Sizes:
- Height: 47 cm
- Width: 40 cm
- Length: 50 cm
- Weight: 31 kg
Price on request. Contact
Made in: Azzano, Italy + Utrecht/Apeldoorn, Netherlands, 2004-2014
Remarks: The marble statue is made of Italian Paonazzo marble from Tuscany. This stone is more ivory in color with gray and rust brown veins, due to iron oxide. This creates a slight orange glow in parts of the stone near these veins. It is a statuario marble because of the fine grains in the stone.

I worked on this sculpture over a long period of time, sometimes it stood still for a period and there was reflection on the design. In the end it became a lying feather, largely polished - but also with a chopped part to give the image contrast. It has graceful lines. In the upper plane, flat and rising parts alternate.

I often work small, because this remains easier to transport and exhibit by myself. Sometimes I made sculptures larger, usually in bronze, this was a physical challenge, because I had major back surgery in 1984. So far I have almost only made smaller work in stone, the statue of the marble Feather is my largest stone statue.

However, what you can make small you can also make big.....
I would like to do that for an assignment.

Stone relief sculpture: Vaporised
Material: Italian ordinario marble
Sizes:
- Height: 45 cm
- Depth: 13 cm
- Width: 41 cm
- Weight: 27 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Wenum, 2017-2020
Note: Haute relief, hollowed out at the back. This marble contains very large crystals. To show this, I ended up creating sharp contrasts between polished and coarsely chopped. You can especially see the crystals in the sun. Vapor is the breath that blows back into your face when the wind is ahead..., inspired by corona times.

Stone sculptures: Pink Cloud + Dark Cloud + Green Clouds + Grey/dark cloud
Material: Pink Portuguese Aurora Marble + Chinese Black White Soapstone + Leopard Serpentine from Zimbabwe + Italian Bardiglio Marble

Pink Portuguese Aurora Marble Cloud:
Dimensions:
- Height: 18 cm
- Width: 18 cm
- Length: 33 cm
- Weight: 14 kg

Chinese black and white soapstone Cloud:
Dimensions:
- Height: 7 cm
- Width: + 9 cm
- Length: 13 cm
- Weight: 1 kg

2 Green Leopard Serpentine Clouds
Material: Leopard serpentine, light green with dark spots
Dimensions middle:
- Height: 16 cm
- Width: 15 cm
- Length: 26 cm
- Weight: 6 kg
Dimensions outer right:
- Height: 16 cm
- Width: 15.5 cm
- Length: 23 cm
- Weight: 7.5 kg

Bardiglio black and white marble:
Dimensions:
- Height: 26.5 cm
- Width: 18 cm
- Length: 30 cm
- Weight: 14 kg

Price: upon request. Contact
Notes: 5 Clouds in different types of stone, size in a row in total: Length: 1.50 m, Widest: 20 cm, Highest: 27 cm
The multi-colored stone-carved Clouds are inspired by the element of Air, Weather, Wind and Climate Change. The Clouds have convex and concave shapes like cumulus clouds. They have different structures, chisel marks show the wind in the biggest dark cloud. In the photo, small rough pebbles have been placed in front of the small dark cloud - like drops. The dark Clouds show the irrevocable Climate Change, the light pink Cloud still the optimistic view that the tide can still be turned. The green Clouds show that the World must become greener. The images have a propulsive upward force, because Climate Change is constantly progressing and is pushing itself forward, we notice this due to the violent weather that occurs more and more. These Clouds belong together.

I also made the Wolkjes in ceramics, see page Ceramics

Stone sculpture: Broken Drop
Material: Greek Red Parnon Marble
Sizes:
- Height: 21 cm
- Width: 48 cm
- Length: 22 cm
- Weight: 21.5 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Fort a/d Klop, Utrecht and Apeldoorn, 2004
Note: The broken drop has beautiful alternating red, black and white layers in the stone. It has been given different structures through different processing, chopped, polished and the inside is raw stone. In the design I was busy with concave and convex.

ONYX:
Onyx is a compact, medium-hard, vitreous stone, layered in colors ranging from ivory and honey yellow to pink and light green. It is a glass-like stone, which is also called onyx marble. It has the hardness of marble. Onyxes are also used to split other stones.
Onyx is found in Brazil, Madagascar, Mexico, Uruguay, the United States and Pakistan, India, Iran, and Turkey.

Stone sculpture: Abstract Flower
Material: Onyx, Iran
Sizes:
- Height:26 cm
- Depth: 19 cm
- Width: 24 cm
- Weight: 9 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in Wenum, 2019-2020
Note: This sculpture was created intuitively and directly as a follow-up to various leaf & flower shapes
which I have been working on for a while. Due to the strongly alternating layers and the large variation in color he got
a more abstract form. Because of all the layers in this stone I mainly made this sculpture with the machine,
later polished it by hand.

LIMESTONE:

Limestone is a sedimentary rock - see more about that at the bottom of the page. It originated about 200 million years ago in the Jurassic era at the time of the dinosaurs and when the continents drifted apart. Limestone often contains fossils, such as shells, ammonites and many microorganisms. In limestone karst phenomena often occur, such as caves with stalactites. In Belgium, limestone is found in many places in the Ardennes. The White Cliffs of Dover are also made of limestone. The stone varies from white to gray, sometimes ocher (Turkish) to brown, reddish, but also black from Calatorao in Spain, more sites in Europe are in France, Germany, England, Italy.

Below are several statues in French Euville Limestone. I first started sculpting in this French limestone, which is a very fine stone for learning chisel and hammer work. The Euville limestone is a beautiful white limestone with large crystals in it, sometimes you can find a fossil, but sometimes also a cavity, it is a surprise what emerges

Stone sculpture: Waves
Material: French Euville Limestone
Sizes:
- Height: 14 cm
- Width: 26 cm
- Length: 32 cm
- Weight: 9 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Utrecht + Apeldoorn, 2004
Note: The Waves sculpture is inspired by the sea and the element of water. I made the image of the Waves because I find the shape and movement of the waves fascinating and how the water flows onto the beach. It seems so soft, but there is tremendous power behind it.

The SERPENTINE STONES are very varied stones, in colors and in hardness to work in. It is a conversion rock - explanation at the bottom of the page. Springstone is the hardest (the blacker the harder), it's hardness is equal to the hardness of marble. It's called Springstone because shards jump off when edited. The mineral serpentine, like the rock serpentinite, is named after the Latin word serpens, meaning "snake". The shape in which the minerals have grown in the rock is reminiscent of the shape of a snake. It was once used as a medicine against snakebites. The other name for serpentinite, clinochrysotile, is derived from the Greek words clinos, chrysos, and tilos ("crooked, crooked," "gold," and "fiber," respectively). It is so called because of the gold-colored fibrous structure, which the mineral can adopt.

Names of various serpentines: dark purple-green serpentine = Steatite (soft stone), Brown-green = Fruit serpentine, Green serpentine, Black-brown = zebra serpentine, Green Opal = light and dark green with yellow-orange veins, Spotted Opal (= light brown, sand color), Cobalt serpentine (= purple brown), Springstone (= black), Lepidolite: very hard crystalline purple-blue serpentine, Leopard serpentine = fairly hard yellow-green serpentine with spots.
Sites include Zimbabwe, China, Italy, Greece, Afghanistan, Australia, Germany, India, Norway, Siberia.

I have made several statues in different serpentines.

Stone sculpture: Flower with Leaves
Material: Springstone - flower bud, fruit serpentine + spotted opal - leaves
Dimensions: pedestal dim. h 45 cm, w. 15 x 14.5 cm
- Height: 38 cm
- Width: 34 cm
- Depth: 31 cm
- Weight: 13 + 24 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Wenum, 2016-2018
Notes: The Rosebud is a Springstone and the leaves are in several serpentine varieties. The rosebud is figurative, polished and in these photos has rough leaves of wood on the underside, for contrast with the smooth petals. The stone leaves below are organic and partly worked and polished. A part has been left raw stone for contrast and to show the beautiful colors of the stones. The 2 wooden leaves in between were affected too much by the weather and I have since then removed them. Springstone has the same hardness as marble.

Stone + bronze sculpture: Horn through bronze Leaf
Material: Horn of Springstone by Bronze Leaf
Sizes:
- Height: 33 cm
- Width: 36 cm
- Length: 46 cm
- Weight: 7 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Apeldoorn, 2001
Note: The horn is made of Springstone. This is the hardest serpentine stone type. The blade is made in bronze. At the time of this sculpture I had already made a unicorn in clay and in bronze and drawn it on paper and in pastel. I wrote a fairy tale about a unicorn and after that this image arose. It is the horn of the unicorn, which has pricked a leaf on its horn. The unicorn is a symbol of uniqueness and purity.

SOFT STONES include: soapstone, alabaster, sandstone, selenite, some serpentine.

ALABASTER
Gypsum alabaster is a compact, soft and somewhat translucent stone, which consists of not completely crystallized gypsum and is found in nodules. It is a conversion rock - explanation at the bottom of the page. The color is transparent white to red-orange, bluish and black. The sites include Italy, Spain and Egypt. The alabaster tubers often show irregularities on the outside. Clay remnants and parts of earth are partly located in the stone here. This contamination is characteristic of alabaster and partly because of this, gives the stone its charm.

Stone sculpture: Small Flower
Material: white alabaster
Sizes:
- Height: 6.5 cm
- Width:10 cm
- Length, depth:11 cm
- Weight: 1 kg
Not for sale.
Made in: Wenum Wiesel, 2018 - 2020
Note: Contrasts and depth are created by the shapes and structures: alternately concave and convex, with graceful lines and surfaces and shapes. The inspiration for this came from the leaves and flowers from my garden, but the stone itself remained the reason. It's got something like a lotus flower. Design and inspiration worked together in the creative process.

Stone high relief hanging wall sculpture: Flower
Material: Champagne Alabaster
Sizes:
- Height: 38 cm
- Width: 37 cm
- Depth: 15 cm
- Weight: 16 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: made in Wenum Wiesel, 2015-2017
Note: Hanging wall sculpture in high relief. In this sculpture I wanted to realize 4 different structures to create contrasts and depth. There are many layers and lines in this champagne alabaster. The inspiration for making these shapes and motifs came from the leaves and flowers in my garden, but the stone itself remained the trigger. This statue has been hollowed out at the back to make it less heavy on the wall.

Stone sculpture: Shell
Material: pink veined Alabaster
Sizes:
- Height: 12.5 cm
- Width: 19 cm
- Length: 21 cm
- Weight: 4 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Wenum Wiesel, 2015 - 2016
Note: The shape of this pink-veined alabaster is inspired by the shape of a shell that I brought with me from a visit to the sea. The flowing lines and the concave and convex elements make it a more abstract form. The pink veins provide liveliness in the stone. Depending on the light, this shape is almost transparent on some pieces.

Stone sculpture: Freedomsong
Material: white Alabaster on a pedestal of Belgian Bluestone and a base of pink/orange Portuguese Aurora marble
Sizes:
- Height: 64 cm
- Width: 19 cm
- Depth: 15 cm
- Weight: 13 kg
Price: upon request. Contact
Made in: Wenum Wiesel, 2013-2014
Note: The stones are chopped, partly polished + partly left raw stone to show the beauty of these stones by means of the application of contrast in the processing. I liked to leave the basic shape of the stone intact. To me this image symbolizes a flying bird and freedom. Freedom in the stone to make what I want. The pink marble base is fully polished.

SELENITE: Selenite is a form of gypsum crystals (alabaster). Selenite is formed, among other things, by oxidation of calcareous clay deposits. Pyrite is present in these deposits. The oxidation of pyrite will acidify the clay, causing the lime to dissolve. This releases calcium, which then reacts with the sulfates to form gypsum. You can scratch in Selenite with your nail. The name Selenite comes from Selene, the Greek goddess of the moon.

SOAPSTONE:
Important sites for the soft soapstone are Zimbabwe, Brazil, China, Mexico, India and now Kenya. The hardness of the stone varies by region where it is mined. It is a compact, very soft, greasy type of stone, but also has somewhat harder types, such as Indian and Kenyan soapstone. There are many colors due to the action of minerals, f.i. white, pink, ocher, black and gray striped, green, beige, purple. Soapstone is a conversion rock and is often mined near alabaster, marble and serpentine. More about conversion rock can be found at the bottom of this page.
The Kenyan soapstone can be worked with a hammer and chisel, all others can only be shaped with files, you would break it with a hammer and chisel.

I have made many of my soapstone figurines to use as examples in my soapstone workshops. I put some of them on this page. They are often figurines and small sculptures.

Some more geological and archaeological information about the STONES if you are interested:

Stone was created millions of years ago, in a very slow process, by pressure from the earth, from below or from above and can be distinguished into three main groups of types of stone.

Igneous rocks
This rock was created by red-hot magma rising from the depths of the earth. When it stayed below the surface of the earth and cooled slowly, granite and diorite were formed. Granite is the most common and is found here and there on the earth f.i. in Scandinavia, South Africa, Brazil, North America, Great Britain, Sardinia and the red granite of Brittany. Due to the mixing with different minerals and oxygen, it occurs in all kinds of colors. This stone can be polished to a shiny finish.

Deep rock is igneous rock that has solidified deep below the earth's surface. The exact depth can vary, it is important that the magma cools so slowly that the stone is formed from large crystals. The difference with gangue and effluent is the depth at which crystallization takes place. Examples are gabbro and granite.

Effluent rock is an igneous rock formed on the Earth's surface, an example being obsidian.

Sometimes the lava flowed out through passages and pipes in the Earth's crust and cooled quickly there. This rock is called gangue and plate rock, examples of which include basalt, porphyry, obsidian and diabase. For example, basalt is found in Scotland.

Igneous rocks are among the hardest rocks on Earth. However, already in Antiquity and Prehistory granites were worked with quartz tools.

Sedimentary rocks
This stone was created by external forces acting on the earth's surface. Erosion material came down from the mountains via glaciers and rivers and was compressed under high pressure with fossil remains and shells by the seas that were there before. This includes f.i. slate, sandstone and limestone types. In Germany yellow and red sandstone is found, limestone comes from Germany, France, Spain, Egypt and Asia and comes in various colors including white, yellow, green, reddish, gray or black. These stones cannot be polished to a shine, but they can be worked well with the pointed chisel and the hammer.

Conversion rocks
This stone was created by a conversion or metamorphosis after the action of high pressure and heating, which triggered chemical processes. As a result, the actual structure of the stone changed and a new type of stone was created. Stones where this happened are usually found close to volcanic soil and are f.i. soapstone, alabaster, marble, travertine and serpentine. These stones can also vary greatly in color and their sites are all over the world in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Zimbabwe, USA, Norway. Travertine is a kind of perforated cheese stone, because it often has cavities.

Due to the transformation process that takes millions of years, a certain type of stone can change over time into another type of stone.

Bij de informatie in de door mij geschreven tekst op deze pagina heb ik eigen kennis en ervaring over de stenen samengevoegd met kennis van diverse sites en uit diverse boeken. Bronnen waarvan ik gebruik heb gemaakt zijn:
www.geologievannederland.nl
www.huishoutsteen.wordpress.com
www.kijkeensomlaag.nl
www.natuursteensector.nl
www.wikipedia.org
www.zwerfsteenweb.nl

www.nl.wikipedia.org

Beeldhouwen in Steen – Inge Toner
Het complete beeldhouwboek – Cami Santamera

You can always request information about the sculptures and take a look at the sculpture pages. Contact

Barb's Sculpture Garden-Atelier-Galerie can be visited by appointment. Not during the summer holidays.
The Fluitersweg is a small side street of the Oude Zwolseweg, which is part of the Cannenburgh route.

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